The Romani people are also known by a variety of other names; in English asGypsies (seen by some as a slur, as discussed below) and Roma, in Greekas γύφτοι (gýftoi) or τσιγγάνοι(tsinganoi), in Central and Eastern Europe as Tsigani (and variants), in France as gitans besides the datedbohémiens, manouches, in Italy as zingariand gitani, and in Spain as gitanos.
Self-designation also varies: In Central and Eastern Europe, Roma is common. The Romani of England call themselves (in Angloromani) Romanichal, those ofScandinavia (in Scandinavian romanidialect) Romanisæl. In German-speaking Europe, the self-designation isSinti, in France Manush, while the groups of Spain, Wales and Finland useKalo/Kale (from kalo meaning "black"). There are numerous subgroups and clans with their own self-designations, such as the Kalderash, Machvaya,Boyash, Lovari, Modyar, Xoraxai, Lăutari, etc.
Rom, Roma, Romani
Gypsy and Gipsy
The English term gipsy or gypsy[19] is a common word used to indicate Romani people, Tinkers and Travellers, and use of the word gipsy in modern-day Englishis so pervasive (and is a legal term under English law—see below) that many Romani organizations use it in their own organizational names. However, according to many Romani people and academics who study them, the word has been tainted by its use as a racial slur and a pejorative connoting illegality and irregularity,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and some modern dictionaries either recommend avoiding use of the wordgypsy entirely or give it a negative or warning label.[27][28][29][30][31][32]
Gipsy/gypsy originates from the Middle English gypcian, short for Egipcien. It is ultimately derived, via Middle Frenchand Latin, from the Greek Αἰγύπτιοι(Aigyptioi), i.e. "Egyptians"; cf. Greekγύφτοι (gýftoi), a corruption of the same word. It was once believed that the Romanis, or some other Gypsy groups (such as the Balkan Egyptians), originated in Egypt, and in one narrative were exiled as punishment for allegedly harbouring the infant Jesus.[33]
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) states a 'gipsy' is a
>
> member of a wandering race (by themselves called Romany), of Indian origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th c.
According to the OED the word was first used in English in 1514, with several more uses in the same century, and both Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare used this word.[34]
This exonym is sometimes written with a capital letter, to show that it designates an ethnic group.[35] The Spanish term gitano, the French termgitan and the Basque term ijito have the same origin.[36]
During the 16th and 17th centuries the name was written in various ways:Egipcian, Egypcian, 'gypcian. The wordgipsy/gypsy comes from the spellings which had lost the initial capital E, and this is one reason why it is often spelled with the initial g in lowercase.[37] As time elapsed, the notion of 'the gipsy/gypsy' altered to include other associated stereotypes such asnomadism and exoticism.[38] John Matthews in The World Atlas of Divinationrefer to gypsies as "Wise Women."[39]Colloquially, gipsy/gypsy is used refer to any person perceived by the user as fitting the Gypsy stereotypes.[40]
Use in English Law
Gipsy has several developing and overlapping meanings under English Law. Under the Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960, 'gipsies' are defined as "persons of nomadic habit of life, whatever their race or origin, but does not include members of an organised group of travelling showmen, or persons engaged in travelling circuses, travelling together as such."[41] This definition includes such groups as New Age Travellers, as well as Irish Travellersand Romany.[42][43]
Gipsies of Romany origins have been a recognised ethnic group for the purposes of Race Relations Act 1976since Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton 1989 and Irish Travellers in England and Wales since O'Leary v Allied Domecq 2000 (having already gained recognition in Northern Ireland in 1997).[44]
Berea
Berea may refer to:
Places
In Greece:
Berea (Bible), a place mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, now known as Veria or Veroia
In Lesotho:
In Romania:
Berea, a village in Ciumești Commune, Satu Mare CountyBerea River, a tributary of the Valea Neagră River
In South Africa:
In the United States:
Berea, IowaBerea, KentuckyBerea, Baltimore, MarylandBerea, NebraskaBerea, North Carolina, anunincorporated community in Granville CountyBerea, North DakotaBerea, OhioBerea, South CarolinaBerea, Giles County, TennesseeBerea, Warren County, TennesseeBerea, VirginiaBerea, West Virginia
Perea or Peraea (Greek: Περαία, "the country beyond"), was the portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan River valley, from about one third the way down from the Sea of Galilee to about one third the way down the eastern shore of the Dead Sea; it did not extend too far to the east. Herod the Great's kingdom was bequeathed to four heirs, of which Herod Antipas received both Perea and Galilee.[1] He dedicated the city Livias in the north of the Dead Sea.[2] In 39 CE, Perea and Galilee were transferred from disfavoured Antipas toAgrippa I by Caligula.[3] With his death in 44 CE, Agrippa's merged territory was made province again, including Judaeaand for the first time, Perea.[4] From that time[5] Perea was part of the shifting Roman provinces to its west: Judaea, and later Syria Palaestina, Palaestina and Palaestina Prima. Attested mostly in Josephus' books, the term was in rarer use in the late Roman period. It appears in Eusebius' Greek language geographical work, Onomasticon, but in the Latin translation by Jerome,Transjordan is used.
Perea was the area inhabited by the Israelite Tribes Reuben, Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh.[citation needed] New Testament commentators speak of Jesus' "Perean Ministry", beginning with his departure from Galilee (Matt 19:1; Mark 10:1) and ending with the anointing by Mary in Bethany (Matt 26) or his journey towards Jerusalemcommencing from Mark 10:32.
Perseus (Greek: Περσεύς; c. 212 – 166 BC) was the last king (Basileus) of theAntigonid dynasty, who ruled thesuccessor state in Macedon created upon the death of Alexander the Great. He also has the distinction of being the last of the line, after losing the Battle of Pydna on 22 June 168 BC; subsequently Macedon came under Roman rule.
Perseus was the son of king Philip V of Macedon and a concubine, probablyPolycratia of Argos.[1] He therefore feared that the throne might pass on his legitimate younger brother Demetrius, not least due to interference from theRomans, who considered their former hostage Demetrius a true friend. Perseus thus staged a plot to make their father believe that his brother was a traitor, and as a result Philip had Demetrius executed.
Simply put the family is PEREA
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